old histories

  When we talk about English, we often think of it as a single language  but what do the dialects spoken in dozens of countries around the world  have in common with each other,  or with the writings of Chaucer?      And how are any of them related to the strange words in Beowulf?  The answer is that like most languages,  English has evolved through generations of speakers,  undergoing major changes over time.  By undoing these changes,  we can trace the language from the present day  back to its ancient roots.  While modern English shares many similar words  with Latin-derived romance languages,  like French and Spanish,  most of those words were not originally part of it.  Instead, they started coming into the language  with the Norman invasion of England in 1066.  When the French-speaking Normans conquered England  and became its ruling class,  they brought their speech with them,  adding a massive amount of French and Latin vocabulary  to the English language previously spoken ther

  in a world where most modern nations were at one point either colonized or  the colonized it seems quite a mystery  how some regions remained untouched by  this crucial era of the past and it's  especially surprising to find that there  were actually some areas in africa that  remained untouched by the Portuguese  british  spanish  french  belgian  and italian colonial powers who swarmed  the continent with simultaneous goals of  expanding their empires of the few and  far between modern day states that  managed to slip out of the imperial  intruder's grasp though ethiopia stands  as one of the most impressive  this video is brought to you by morning  brew a free daily newsletter from Monday  to sunday  we live in a world where good  information is needed and we can keep up  to date with the latest news from the  beginning of the day in the past the  first thing I did in the morning was aimlessly scrolled  through social media  being unproductive and losing the most  importan

  february 47 bc julius caesar marches  with an army of some three thousand men    cleopatra the seventh and ptolemy the thirteenth  via for the throne of egypt caesar supports    cleopatra's claim against ptolemy the 13th who has  an army of some 5 000 men on the banks of the nile  caesar's army consists of mainly experienced  legionaries that have fought under his command    for many years with some experienced  roman cavalry and archers also within his  very fast ranks man  caesar's ally mithridates of pergamon joins  caesar's army with some 2000 men and cavalry  mithridates of pergamon's ships  arrive to meet the main forces  go ashore  mithridates army positions into formation  and waits for caesar's forces to arrive    his army consists of a mix of pontic  cavalry some syrian spearmen and    archers and a few hundred veteran  legionnaires of the roman republic  oh  ptolemy orders for reinforcements to  be sent to help fortify his position    they arrive ju

  For most of the 20th century, there existed a country in Southeastern Europe called Yugoslavia.  Today, however, what used to be Yugoslavia is now 6 fully independent countries… plus  one self-declared independent country, but more on that later.  So why exactly did Yugoslavia split up? Well… before looking at why it split up, let’s  first look at how it came to be. For this, we need to go back to 1918 and the end of  World War 1.  Yugoslavia was created from the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Montenegro, and what  used to be territories of the Austria-Hungarian Empire.  The country was originally called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but later changed  its name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.  This lasted until about 1941 when Yugoslavia was occupied by Axis the powers of Nazi Germany  and Fascist Italy during World War II. The Axis powers installed their own puppet governments  which effectively ended the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.  In 1945, after the Allied victory in Wo