and how it has developed, because the English language hasn't always been the way it is today.It's developed over hundreds and hundreds of years.Now, today, hundreds of millions of people speak English all over the world, whether it's their first language or their second language, or just one of the foreign languages that they speak and learn at school, and so on. So, hundreds of millions of people speak English and learn English. But hundreds of years ago, the English language that we know today didn't really exist. It sort of got put together gradually by different historical events. So we're going to go back in history now, and have a look at a timeline.I don't know if you've seen a timeline before, but it is literally the time, the years going from left to right like you get on a graph if you've done graphs, and the time goes across along the line. So the different developments that happened can be shown on that line. So we're starting here in 55 BC, hundreds of years ago, and we're coming up to... Well, beyond.We have 1066, here, but because I ran out of space on the board, the time went on for such a long time, I couldn't get all the centuries in, but I will still tell you about them. Okay. But these are the very interesting parts, which are on the board. So, in 55 BC, the Roman invasion of Britain, of the U.K., where we are at the moment. So, you've heard of the Roman Empire with Julius Caesar and all the other Caesars, the Roman Empire spread in different directions, and Britain is one of the directions they spread. They came here, stayed for a while, and built some nice buildings, and they built a wall that goes across between Scotland and England, called Hadrian's Wall because the Emperor at the time was called Hadrian. So, anyway, when they came and stayed for some time, they brought their language with them, the Latin language. Okay? And the Latin language, it's called a dead language today, but it has influenced so many other languages, especially in Southern Europe, so languages like Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, will come from Latin. So, in this country, in the English language, we have had Latin influence at different times. So, the Romans brought their Latin language with them. Okay? So that influenced the way people were speaking to each other as time went on. And the natives of this country started learning Latin words, and it became integrated into the language. Okay, so let's have a look at some of the words that we use today that were influenced by r which came from Latin words. Right? And we have this pie chart, here, which you may know if you've been studying things for IELTS and the writing task. A pie chart... So, the whole circle represents 100%. So if you're thinking of all the words in the English language at the moment, Latin, the Latin words that came from... Partly from the Roman invasion, we have 29% of the words in the English language have come from a Latin origin, from a source, Latin source. Okay. So here are just a few of the very words that we use every day, really.Words like: "human", "animal", and "dental" have to do with the teeth, "decimal" which is to do with the fingers because we have 10 fingers, "decimal", and "digital", also fingers, and "factory" where things are made, manufacture, "library" where you read books, "libre" meaning book, "library", the building where the books are kept, "manual" to do with if you do things with your hand it comes from the Latin word for "hand", "manual". "Lunar" has to do with the moon, because the Latin word for the moon was "luna", or "luna".And "solar" has o do with the sun, again, because the Latin word was like that, "solar"."Military", has nothing to do with soldiers because the Latin Roman Empire soldiers were. That was the word that was used for "soldiers". "Melees," I think. And we also get our "mile", the distance, the mile from that, because that was the distance that they would march, I think before they had a rest or something like that. So "military" is to do with soldiers. "Science" has to do with knowledge. "Science", "station", the railway station, and the bus station is a places where you stand still before you move off, and that also comes from a Latin word to be static in one place. Okay. Okay, so that's the Latin. You'll notice also that later on in history, Latin kept coming back, so there and there, but that's the Latin from these three points in history when we had visitors of one sort or another.Okay, so let's move on then, to the next major event. I've put 450 AD, but I'm going to start putting century numbers now because it's simpler. So, 5th... The 5th century, okay, Germanic migration. That's people from roughly where Germany is today in mainland Europe moved across. Okay? From the Saxon, Saxon area of Germany. Saxony. So, the language they brought with them was a kind of... Well, it became Anglo-Saxon, because it got merged with the English we already had, the Anglo part, with the Saxon part added. It... And that's another name for that is Old English, Old English, which looks totally different from the English we have today. So they brought a different language with them, and that got all mixed in. If you think of a big cooking pot and different ingredients being put in, and it just keeps cooking and cooking over time, that's how it was developing. Okay.So, Germanic. Let's have a look at how much Germanic language there is in English today.So, looking at our pie chart again, we've got Germanic 26%, so just over a quarter of the words in the English language, today come from a Germanic source. And I've put some little abbreviations here; Old English, Middle English, Old Norse, and Dutch.These are all roughly sort of from the Germanic area, and the Dutch words as well are all mixed in there, too, because Holland isn't that far away either.Okay. So, let's just see a few examples of germanic words. They're often quite short words and words we use every day, like "above", "again", "and", "apple", "bad" "good", "cake", "eat" and "drink", parts of the body especially, "eye" and "feet" and "arm", "boy" and "girl", these are all the Germanic type of words." House", "hand", "bread", so parts of the body. "Food", all of that kind of thing.Okay, so that's that one.So moving on, in the 6th century, before this, we had been what you call a Pagan country, sort of pre-Christianity. In the 6th century, Saint Augustine came and started converting people to Christianity. Okay. And that meant bringing languages with him, like the Bible that was written in these different languages, other books, and band books of learning. So, again, Latin came in. And Greek as well came in, and Hebrew all came with Christianity, which spread around the whole country. So we've covered Latin already. Let's just have a look at Greek in our pie chart to see how much influence that has had on the language today. So looking at Greek, it's actually quite small, just 6%.But they're very sort of... They're the kind of words that are used in a sort of academic life, and the word "academic" itself is one of them; "academic" is a Greek word.And "Android", if you have an Android mobile phone, you wouldn't believe that it had come from an old Greek word, but it has."Android". Okay? A word like "basic", "cinema" even, "climate", "democracy", "economy", "geography","history", "idea" because philosophy, thinking, ideas is very important and had a big... Greece had a big influence on that."Politics" and "technology" all come from Greek.Okay, Hebrew, we don't have unless it's included under another one of the other influences which are another 6%.Okay, so moving on to a period when we had some more invasions, and it wasn'tthe Romans this time, it was people called the Vikings who came from Scandinavian countries, so that's Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, and they came across the sea and invaded. And it wasn'tjust one invasion; it happened over three centuries, from the 8th to the 11th century.So the Viking invasions brought their Scandinavian languages with them.And Old Norse is one of them. And as I said earlier, the Germanic migration, was another sort of input into the Germanic types of languages that we have. That's why we've got 26% because there was such a lot coming in, a lot of words, there. Okay. Right.So, moving on again to the... This is 1the 1st century as well, 1066, which is a big date in English history. The Norman invasion. And if you know the area called Normandy in Northern France, there's a connection, there. So, the Normans were French, and they invaded... They came across the channel, they had a big battle near the south coast of Britain, and they won so they took over. So the Norman invasion, brought French for the first time and some more Latin again, because anyway, French developed from Latin, so it was a mixture of that. But French for the first time, French tad developed from Latin, as well as Latin itself.So, let's have a look at some of the words we use in English today that came from French sources.Okay. So, food, French people love food, and a lot of words for food came in.So: "beef", "pork" and "veal" all come from French words. Okay?But then some other interesting words that maybe were Latin originally, but they became French, and then these French words came into English and they're still with us today, words like: "continue", "liberty", "justice", so a lot of legal languages, words to do with the law come from French.So "liberty", "justice". "Journey", if you go on a trip, a journey comes from a French word."People" comes from a French word for people. And even the little word "very".When you say: "Oh, that's very nice", "very" just is the French word for true, so it means "truly", or "truly nice". That is truly nice, that is very nice.So, a little word like "very" comes from the French word for "true". Okay.Right, so we've covered Latin, French, Germanic, and Greek. And we've come up to 1066, but of course, the English language didn't stop developing then. As I said, I ran out of space.But other things happened, for example, in the 15th century, 1and 6th century, people started exploring the world, going off in ships and finding other countries, finding places like America that they didn't know was there before; Christopher Columbus. Also going the other way, and at the Portuguese, for example, found India and China. So, people explored. So, from the English point of view, we had explorers who went off and found things and came back, and that also influenced the language because, for example, we got tobacco and potatoes from America so the words for those things were new. Okay.And tthe18th and 19th centuries, colonialism, British Empire, and Britain became involved politically in other countries, then eventually the British Empire ended and we now have the Commonwealth instead. And now in the 20th, and 21st centuries, the language is still developing. We've got the internet, the speed of travel. It's very easy to get on a plane and travel thousands of miles and go to another country, so words keep coming back from other countries, for example.So looking from the British Empire onwards, a lot of Asian words, words from the Middle East and the far east, like "balcony" and "bangle", a bangle that you wear around your wrist, "bangle". A "bungalow", that's a house that is only one story bungalow. We have quite a lot of those in this country.A "guru" from India, someone who you go to for advice and help, "guru". A "kiosk", "pajamas" that you wear in bed at night to sleep in, "pajamas" are from an empire country. "Sandals" that you wear on your feet, sandals with spaces in between for hot weather. And even "shampoo" that you wash your hair with, "shampoo" is a foreign word from one of the empire countries.And finally... So, we were talking about the internet and technology. If you're doing the housework and hoovering the carpet, we also say vacuuming the carpet because you use a vacuum cleaner, but one of the major brands of vacuum cleaners is the Hoover, and that was the name of the maker, the Hoover. So, that word has now become a verb "to hoover", and "hoovering". Okay? So, names count for about 4% in the English language, so Hoover, and more recently, Google; we all use Google, and now there is a verb "to Google", so I am googling something. So... No, sorry, not like that, that's hoovering.I'm googling something. So those are just two examples of names that are now part of the English language, and it's changing all the time still. So... But it's a fascinating language to study, as I hope you agree.So, I hope that's been interesting for you, a bit of history.And there is a quiz on the website, www.engraved.com, so I hope you'll go and give that a try.And so that's all for today.But come back soon, and we'll have another lesson for you. Okay?
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